Lab Report Tansport Across Membrane Sample

Lab Report Tansport Across Membrane Paper Tissue from an onion is a good first exercise in using he microscope and viewing plant cells. The cells are easily visible under a microscope and the preparation of a thin section is straight forward. An onion is made of layers, each separated by a thin skin or membrane. In this exercise you will make a wet mount on a microscope slide and look at the cells of the onion membrane magnified by the high power, compound microscope. We also can observe the actual structure of plant cells which consists of nucleus, vacuole, cytoplasm, cell wall etc. This experiment indicates the transport across membrane in plant cells when involving water through osmosis. Materials and methods : Materials I Apparatus I Onion Distilled waterfall sugar/sucrose I Small knife Glass slipcover oscilloscope Filter paramagnetic stirrer/stirring arthropods Beakers (250 ml 500 mi) I l. Scale off carefully the epidermal layer of an onion and place it on a drop of distilled water on the glass slide. II. Lower down the glass cover slowly on the epidermal layer using the needle. Ill. Examine the onion cells through the microscope. IV. Draw the structure of the onion cells as observed under microscope. V. Remove the distilled water using filter paper. VI. Place a drop of 5% (w/v) sucrose solution at a side of the cover slip and draw the solution across the epidermal layer by placing filter paper on the other side of cover slip. VII. Examine the onion cells once again through the microscope. Draw the structure of the onion cells as observed under microscope. VIII. Repeat step (v vii) using 30% (w/v) sucrose solution. IX. Compare the structure of onion cells in solutions at different concentrations. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Tansport Across Membrane specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Tansport Across Membrane specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Tansport Across Membrane specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Results : The onion cells in distilled water under microscope I The onion cells in 5% (w/v) sucrose solution under microscope I The onion cells in 30% (w/v) sucrose solution under microscope I Discussion : In this experiment we had done 3 different solutions to see the effects of these solutions with plant cells (onion cells). For hypotonic solution (distilled water), because of the different pressure water moves into the cell by osmosis is faster or we can also say pressure potential is higher. Thus it caused the cell to swell without bursting due to the presence of cell wall. The increased pressure pushes the cytoplasm against the cell wall and the cell becomes turgid. For isotonic elution (5% (w/v) sucrose solution), water moves in and out of the cell at the same rate hence there is no net movement of water. In the other term solute potential is equal to pressure potential. The cell retains its shape. On the other hand, for hypersonic solution (30% (w/v) sucrose solution), water moves out from the cell by osmosis, the cytoplasm pulls away from the cell wall and the cell becomes flaccid. Its the same as solute potential is higher in other terms. In this situation, the cell is said to be polymerase. Experiment 2 : The purpose of doing this experiment is to determine the effects of isotonic, hypotonic, and hypersonic solutions to potato cells. From a brief opinion we can conclude the hypothesis ; the concentration of an external solution which is isotonic to the cell sap does not affect the size, shape and mass of the potato strips. Particularly in this experiment we have to use a specific formula to calculate percentage change in the mass of potato strips. Given formula : Percentage change = Final mass Initial mass x 100 Initial mass This is because, the easiest way to observe the changes occur to the potato strips was to weigh the initial mass and its final mass after being put into the three illusions. Material and methods : Potato Table salt/Inaccessibility water Small knife Penchant digital balanced Vials Beakers (250 ml 500 ml )Magnetic stirrer/stirring radiation I l. Slice your potato into sticks that 4-6 CM long and 1 CM diameter. Record their initial weight (g) in 2 decimal places, e. G: 3. 15 g. II. Prepare 4 vials with different salt solutions: 10% (w/v) Nasal, 3. 5% (w/v) Nasal, 0. 88% (w/v) Nasal, and distilled water. Ill. Put one potato stick into each solution. Record the weight of the potato sticks again after 20 min. Calculate the change in weight: final wet. Initial wet. IV. Calculate the percentage of water gain or loss as follow: V. % weight change = Final Wet- Initial Wet x 100 Initial Wet Salt concentration I Initial weight of potato stick (g) I Final weight of potato stick (g) I Change in weight (g) Change in weight (%) I Rank relative Water loss or gain | Nasal | 0. 88 | 0. 76 | -0. 12 13. 6 Loss 3. % Nasal | 0. 88 | 0. 83 | -0. 05 5. 68 Loss 0. 88% Ana | 0. 88 0. 88 +0. 00 | 0. 00 | No change I Distilled Water | 0. 88 | 0. 97 | +0. 09 | 10. 2 | Gain I The data table for long stick potato gain | Niacin | 0. 28 | 0. 26 | -0. 02 7. 14 | 3. % Nasal | 0. 28 | 0. 24 | -0. 04 14. 3 Loss I 0. 88% Nasal | 0. 28 0. 28 +0. 00 | 0. 00 | No change I Distilled Water | 0. 28 | 0 . 36 | +0. 08 | 28. 6 | Gain I The data table for short stick potato In this experiment , potato cells were put into four different solution concentrations which are distilled water, 10% (w/v), 3% (w/v) and 0. 88% (w/v) of sodium chloride. The concentration of the external solution (0. 88% (w/v) sodium chloride) which is isotonic to the cell sap of the potato cell will not produce any percentage change in the mass of the potato. The water moves in and out of the ell at the same rate and the potato strip remains turgid. We can also conclude that the solute potential is equal to pressure potential. In distilled water, the potato strips become longer and increased in mass. The potato strips are hypotonic when immersed in distilled water. The rate water moves into the cells are faster then water moves out thus the pressure potential is higher. In solution with the concentration of 3. 5% (w/v) and 10% (w/v) of sodium chloride, the potato cells become smaller and least in mass. The potato strips are hypersonic when immersed in these concentrations. The rate of water that eves out from the cells are faster then rate of water that moves into the cells hence the solute potential is higher. Experiment 3 : The osmotic gradient is the difference in concentration between two solutions on either side of a comparable membrane, and is used to tell the difference in percentages of the concentration of a specific particle dissolved in a solution. Usually the osmotic gradient is used while comparing solutions that have a comparable membrane between them allowing water to diffuse between the two solutions, toward the hypersonic solution (the solution with the higher concentration). Eventually, the force of the column of water on the hypersonic side of the comparable membrane will equal the force of diffusion on the hypotonic (the side with a lesser concentration) side, creating equilibrium. When equilibrium is reached, water continues to flow, but it flows both ways in equal amounts as well as force, therefore stabilizing the solution. Osmosis is the diffusion of molecules from where they are abundant to where they are scarce through a semi permeable membrane. In red blood cells, this semi permeable membrane is the cell membrane. If red blood cells were placed in a solution abundant with water molecules, they would diffuse into the cells through the membrane Materials and Methods : Distilled water 4. 0% (w/v) Nasal 0. 5% (w/v) Niacin I Glass slide Cover slip Microscope Test tubes Cotton Lancet Beakers (250 ml 500 ml) Magnetic stirrer/stirring rod Spatula I i. Label test tubes with A, B, and C. Ii. Fill the test tube A, B, and C with 5 ml of distilled water, 4. 0 % (w/v) Nasal and 0. 85% (w/v) Nasal, respectively. Iii. Add a drop of blood into each test tube and left them for 5 min. Iv. Examine a drop of each solution under microscope. The red blood cells in distilled w ater under microscope I The red blood cells in 4. 0% (w/v) Niacin solution under microscope I The red blood cells in 0. 5% (w/v) Nasal solution under microscope I When the osmotic pressure of the solution outside the blood cells in higher than the osmotic pressure inside the red blood cells, the solution is hypersonic. The water inside the blood cells exits the cells in an attempt to equalize the osmotic pressure, causing the cells to shrink. When the osmotic pressure outside the red blood cells is the same as the pressure inside the cells, the solution is isotonic with respect to the cytoplasm. This is the USUal condition of red blood cells in plasma. The cells are normal.

Get Your Mariners Safety Training Certification

Get Your Mariners Safety Training Certification If you are looking for a job in a maritime field, you may consider obtaining your  Standards for Training Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW) certification. This certification is a basic safety training but it can be an important stepping stone to landing your dream job. Step 1: Determine How You Will Use Your Training Your ultimate goal will determine the best path to your  STCW certification. If youre not sure about the exact job you want thats okay because most of the following steps apply to everyone seeking this basic safety training. The two main exceptions are employer specific courses like those designed for cruise ships and post-military personnel who want to transfer their skills to civilian certifications. Even if you fall into one of these categories there are advantages to following these steps. Step 2: Determine the Job Requirements for Your Goal Position If you have a target employer and job it should be very easy to get a job description plus minimal and preferred requirements. STCW certification is recognized internationally and varies little from the original IMO convention. Not every operation will have a written description of requirements and some may simply adopt a standardized description from a third party or government agency. If you are on your own in this adventure then it will take a bit more work to find out what you need to do. Well use a common example of crew on a private vessel. Recreational Boating is a common entry point into the commercial side of the industry. Many positions for crew are offered each year and some in exotic destinations can be a satisfying way to travel and still generate income. Almost all of these crew positions require STCW certification at a minimum. In order to reduce insurance costs and assure the safety of the vessel and passengers everyone working aboard must be STCW certified. The skills of STCW are the very basics but compromise some of the most important training a sailor will receive in their career. If you cannot determine what the exact qualifications are needed for the job look for some equivalent vessels and compare minimum qualifications. Schools can offer some advice too. Step 3: Identify a Training Location This is easy since there is only one option these days. In the past, an STCW certification could be gained on experience alone. Today the opposite is true, all of the training takes place in the classroom and occasionally demonstrated in the field. If you are new to boats you may want to look for a course that is hands-on and offers some time on the water. Hands-on courses are more expensive but worth it if you dont have significant practical experience. For some employers, a course with real-world conditions may take the place of some sea hours. The cost of any of these courses is significant and in places like the United States, the cost to obtain some certifications is even higher due to extra security measures. Look around, know what sort of product you are shopping for, read reviews, talk to potential employers; you may need to travel but that can be included in expenses if you are receiving financial aid. Financial aid can be used for maritime education and most schools make that process as easy as possible for potential students. Step Four: Obtain Experience This is the most important step of all. There are many graduates of STCW programs that have no job experience and wonder why they cant get that job in the Mediterranean. Simple, those jobs go to tested STCW graduates. Get any job you can that gives you some time on the water that can be documented. Maybe your area only has a short tourist season and local jobs produce few hours every year. Take those few hours, have your employer document them, and include them on your resume or CV.

Emiliano Zapata (For Latin American Humanities class) Research Paper

Emiliano Zapata (For Latin American Humanities class) - Research Paper Example Soon after being elected the mayor of Anenecuilco town in 1909, he started to defend the peasants’ debt peons’ lands, from the greedy sugarcane plantations owners. He managed to assemble thousands of peasants’ men and he remunerated them by collecting taxes from provincial cities as well as extorting from the affluent (Chasteen 219). Zapata arms mostly came from the captured from federal troops and they were wanted change from the higher level. That is why he decided to ambush the well-off, national institutions, as well as the federal army anywhere and when possible. Even though his peasants’ army acquired land and began to work on it, Zapata faced problems especially when changing from guerrilla aggravation to open combat, something which did not produce his desired victory (McLynn 221). His armed revolutionaries were referred to as Zapatistas who were mostly rural peasants. The alliance between him and Francesco Madero saw the overthrow of President Porfirio Diaz in 1910 (Chasteen 219). However, this alliance did not last for a long period, since him and Madero had dissimilar ideologies. Zapata was more concerned about land reforms something which Madero did not believe in. When Madero was overthrown by his key General, known as Victoriano Huerta, Zapata joined forces with Venustiano Carranza and Alvaro Obregà ³n to defeat Huerta in 1914, before they turned against each other (McLynn 213). Zapata was later killed in 1919 after being tricked to appear in a meeting with Jesà ºs Guajardo who was sent by Pablo Gonzà ¡lez a close general of president Venustiano Carranza (MicrosoftCorporation para 3). Some of Zapata notable achievements include the formation of the agrarian commissions, which were responsible for distributing land with no favoritism, in addition to being free of the practice whereby landowners could corrupt the

ECONOMICS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ECONOMICS - Assignment Example The country’s urban population is also increasing (World Bank 20). Ethiopia covers an area of about 1,000,000 km2. Using the 2010 national population figures, we get a national population density of 85 people/km2. The level of economic development in Ethiopia is still low indicated by the 2010 Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.328% and low GDP of US$28,526.50 billion in 2009. The general standards of living are also low with 38.70% of the people living below a dollar. There is a high dependency ratio as is common among developing countries for example 86.5% in 2010. In 2008, 85.1% of the population lived without electricity. In 2010, its life expectancy was 56.1%, a figure that was common among other developing countries (World Bank 16). Difference between Ethiopia and other developing countries Unlike most developing countries, Ethiopia has a very large surface coverage. It emerges the second largest in Africa. According to (World Bank 20), the percentage of urban population in Ethiopia is below 20% unlike other developing countries. In 2010, these figures were 16.7% compared 35.4% and 38.4% in Guinea and Sierra Leone respectively in during the same year.

Why Has Evians Us Market Share Continually Decreased Marketing Essay

Why Has Evians Us Market Share Continually Decreased Marketing Essay To begin with, the customer indifference is one of the main factors to be considered. Compared with the colas, Evian is premium price bottled water, and it is failed to realise that customers in different regions will make different reactions according to their preferences. In Europe, customers accept the types of bottled water and pay a premium for the Evian brand gladly. By contrast, in the U.S. water market, customers place little value on this premium and the cheapest bottled water is always selected in stores. Danone does not satisfy the US customers needs, and therefore, the decreasing demand for Evian in the US water market will affect its market share. Secondly, Danone is weak of the distribution capability. On one hand, Danone mastered its direct-to-store delivery system well, but the distribution strategy is not suitable for the U.S. water market. The U.S. water market needs a giant colarun distribution network which includes access to rented stored shelves. On the other hand, the colas and other water brands all have good distribution capabilities, while Danone is inferior. It is rarely to see Evian locate in such points of sale for bottled water, like vending machines, groceries, stores, street vendors, convenience outlets, and etc. Therefore, the distribution deficiencies will lead Danone in a low volume in the US water market. Thirdly, pricing is another factor which should be considered. The colas resource mostly comes from local tap water, so the initial cost of the colas is lower, and it is priced at an appropriate level. In contrast, Evian Nature Spring Water comes from French Alps, so the initial cost of Evian is high, and it is priced at a premium level. In consequence, higher price of the bottled water may not be accepted by the U.S. customers, then the market share dwindles. Finally, it is seems that Danone is lack of advertising. In evaluating Danones strategy for gaining U.S. market share, present the positives and negatives for remaining a single enterprise entity and going it alone. Danones strategy to go it alone in the U.S. water market has the positives and negatives. Danones go it alone U.S. water market strategy means that Evian becomes a niche product brand, and its price keeps at a premium level. Under the strategy, Evian can extend its brand to a global extent with a healthy edge, and also can protect its unique Glacier brand effectively. Besides these, it can create business opportunities in the U.S. water market, and increase its marginal revenue for Danone as well. However, because of the premium price of the Evians bottled water, Evian may hold lower market share in low volume in the U.S. water market, compared with the lower price water brands. Another Danones go-it-alone U.S. water market strategy is that taking over local-source spring water enterprise. After acquisition, it is clear that Danone can get source locally rather than from France, therefore Danone can reduce the costs, and it will be more competitive against Nestlà © and the colas for market share in the high volume and price-driven market. Another advantage under this strategy is that Danone can build-out its lines production and distribution after acquisitions. However, there are also some problems after acquisition. The strategy here will need a large amount of money to invest from Danone, and the return on the investment will need a long period to get the money back. Given Evians lack of success in the US market, what would be the ramifications of Danone exiting the U.S. bottled water market altogether? Compared with other water brands, Evian is premium price bottled water, and it is failed to realise that customers in the U.S. water market prefer to choose cheaper bottled water, not like the customers preferences in Europe. Therefore, the low volume of Evians bottled water sale may lead to the decreasing market share and Evians lack of success in the U.S. market. As a consequence of this condition, Danones get out of the U.S. Market strategy may make some ramifications. If Danone exit the U.S. bottled water market, Danone may lose the business opportunities in the U.S. market, and may lose much more market share in such a large market as well. Besides, Danone will probably run counter to its global marketing strategy, and it will not drive Danones global sales and extension of global brand. Furthermore, Danone will save the entry expenditures if exiting from the U.S. market, and it can invest on the market where the glacier premium is recognized and also gain the market share from those countries.

John Wayne :: essays research papers

The Duke takes his place in history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Wayne, one of America’s greatest actors and directors of all time. His fame and superstardom led to many problems in his career. His image as an icon of American individualism and the frontier spirit has overshadowed his career to such an extent that it is almost impossible for the fans and writers to separate Wayne the legend from Wayne the actor and Wayne the man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before the start of his movie career he played football at USC under his birth name, Marion Michael Morrison. He held many behind-the-scene jobs at Fox before moving in front of the cameras in the late 1920’s in a series of small roles. Director John Ford, who befriended “ the Duke';, recommended him for the lead role in Raoul Walsh’s western epic, The Big Trail. Wayne did not let the stardom go to his head. He spent the rest of the decade making his way through a series of low budget films whose failing budgets and quick shooting schedules did little to advance his career.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1939 John Ford gave Wayne another break by casting him as the Ringo Kid in Stagecoach. The roll threw Wayne into the top ranks of the movie stars and finally, in the 1940’s, his legend began to take shape. Relieved from military duty due to physical problems, Wayne became the film industry’s hard-core soilder, but had that compassionate side. Movies released during the war, such as Flying Tigers (1942), The Fighting Seabees (1944) and Back to Bataan (1945) left Wayne with some pretty big shoes to fill.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movies that he made at the end of the decade were the ones that established him as an actor of merit. Howard Hawks emphasized the willful side of Wayne’s screen persona by giving him the part in Red River (1948). He played the part of Tom Dunson, a difficult, unlikeable yet compelling character. Two other films directed by John Ford quickly followed. Fort Apache (1948) and She wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For a good part of the 50’s and 60’s Wayne took part in several small pictures. Standard western and action movies but nothing too dynamic. Because of the numerous films though he was financially in good setting. In 1969 he won Best Actor Oscar for True Grit, a light-hearted if not particularly impressive performance. Wayne’s final role was surely his best of the decade. In the Shootist, he played a dying gunman who is just beginning to understand his own life and legend. What a man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Wayne, you either love him or you hate him. Although there are not many people that dislike him.

Unique Person

If you just take short look at the people around you,you'll find a lot of cases that you can talk about their creativity or unique personality. But I want to break words about a man who defined unique personality in such a way that was not like other definitions of unique which people know. And I am proud of myself that I had such an honor to live and spend the best 4 years of my life with him. A man with creative mind,manly pride and high ambition in an ordinary appearance had reached the things which no one has ever thought he could.But He always took advantage of what he had and that made him a commander of 2 thousand soldiers ,master of explosion team and designer of military plans at the age of 19. After a while, he was recognized as one of the most skillful commanders in his army and lots of more things that I don't want to talk about due to the fact that it's not my main topic. I intend to describe his uniqueness in a way that his family and friends defined for me. Although he was suffering from some old wounds for years,he would always laugh and was thankful of god; because those scars and wounds were the recollection of his sweet memories.And two manifest features that made him remarkable for his family and friends were his patience and generosity which I have witnessed a lot and I can't deny. I decided to write down about a person who may not have been so creative or unique in others' opinion but had done a lot of good things for us. We somehow owe him and the people like him. Those people let us know that our fate is something you can never cheat but there are some ways to do so that you can change it in the way you like. So one thing that I can say for sure is that he succeeded in redeeming himself on those nights of redemption